Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
(The Constitution)
This compilation was prepared on 25 July 2003
taking into account alterations up to Act No. 84 of 1977
[Note: This compilation
contains all amendments to the Constitution made by the Constitution
Alterations specified in Note 1
Additions to the text are shown in bold type
Omitted text is shown as ruled through]
Prepared by the Office of
Legislative Drafting,
Attorney‑General’s Department, Canberra
Contents
Covering clauses
1............ Short title [see Note 1]....................................................................... 7
2............ Act to extend to the Queen’s successors............................................ 7
3............ Proclamation of Commonwealth [see Note 2].................................... 7
4............ Commencement of Act....................................................................... 8
5............ Operation of the Constitution and laws [see Note 3]........................ 8
6............ Definitions.......................................................................................... 8
7............ Repeal of Federal Council Act [see Note 4]....................................... 8
8............ Application of Colonial Boundaries Act............................................ 9
9............ Constitution [see Note 1]................................................................... 9
Chapter I—The Parliament 1
Part I—General 1
1............ Legislative power................................................................................ 1
2............ Governor‑General............................................................................... 1
3............ Salary of Governor‑General................................................................ 1
4............ Provisions relating to Governor‑General............................................ 1
5............ Sessions of Parliament. Prorogation and dissolution.......................... 2
6............ Yearly session of Parliament.............................................................. 2
Part II—The Senate 3
7............ The Senate [see Note 5]...................................................................... 3
8............ Qualification of electors...................................................................... 3
9............ Method of election of senators [see Note 6]...................................... 3
10.......... Application of State laws................................................................... 4
11.......... Failure to choose senators.................................................................. 4
12.......... Issue of writs...................................................................................... 4
13.......... Rotation of senators........................................................................... 4
14.......... Further provision for rotation [see Note 7]........................................ 5
15.......... Casual vacancies [see Note 8]............................................................. 6
16.......... Qualifications of senator..................................................................... 8
17.......... Election of President........................................................................... 8
18.......... Absence of President.......................................................................... 8
19.......... Resignation of senator........................................................................ 8
20.......... Vacancy by absence............................................................................ 9
21.......... Vacancy to be notified........................................................................ 9
22.......... Quorum............................................................................................... 9
23.......... Voting in the Senate............................................................................ 9
Part III—The House of Representatives 10
24.......... Constitution of House of Representatives....................................... 10
25.......... Provision as to races disqualified from voting.................................. 10
26.......... Representatives in first Parliament................................................... 11
27.......... Alteration of number of members..................................................... 11
28.......... Duration of House of Representatives............................................. 11
29.......... Electoral divisions [see Note 9]........................................................ 11
30.......... Qualification of electors.................................................................... 12
31.......... Application of State laws................................................................. 12
32.......... Writs for general election.................................................................. 12
33.......... Writs for vacancies........................................................................... 12
34.......... Qualifications of members................................................................ 12
35.......... Election of Speaker........................................................................... 13
36.......... Absence of Speaker.......................................................................... 13
37.......... Resignation of member..................................................................... 13
38.......... Vacancy by absence.......................................................................... 13
39.......... Quorum............................................................................................. 14
40.......... Voting in House of Representatives................................................. 14
Part IV—Both Houses of the Parliament 15
41.......... Right of electors of States................................................................. 15
42.......... Oath or affirmation of allegiance....................................................... 15
43.......... Member of one House ineligible for other........................................ 15
44.......... Disqualification................................................................................. 15
45.......... Vacancy on happening of disqualification........................................ 16
46.......... Penalty for sitting when disqualified................................................ 16
47.......... Disputed elections............................................................................ 16
48.......... Allowance to members..................................................................... 17
49.......... Privileges etc. of Houses................................................................... 17
50.......... Rules and orders............................................................................... 17
Part V—Powers of the Parliament 18
51.......... Legislative powers of the Parliament [see Notes 10 and 11]............ 18
52.......... Exclusive powers of the Parliament.................................................. 20
53.......... Powers of the Houses in respect of legislation................................. 20
54.......... Appropriation Bills.......................................................................... 21
55.......... Tax Bill............................................................................................. 21
56.......... Recommendation of money votes.................................................... 21
57.......... Disagreement between the Houses................................................... 22
58.......... Royal assent to Bills......................................................................... 22
59.......... Disallowance by the Queen.............................................................. 23
60.......... Signification of Queen’s pleasure on Bills reserved.......................... 23
Chapter II—The Executive Government 24
61.......... Executive power............................................................................... 24
62.......... Federal Executive Council................................................................. 24
63.......... Provisions referring to Governor‑General........................................ 24
64.......... Ministers of State............................................................................. 24
65.......... Number of Ministers........................................................................ 25
66.......... Salaries of Ministers......................................................................... 25
67.......... Appointment of civil servants.......................................................... 25
68.......... Command of naval and military forces............................................. 25
69.......... Transfer of certain departments....................................................... 25
70.......... Certain powers of Governors to vest in Governor‑General............. 26
Chapter III—The Judicature 27
71.......... Judicial power and Courts................................................................ 27
72.......... Judges’ appointment, tenure, and remuneration............................... 27
73.......... Appellate jurisdiction of High Court................................................ 28
74.......... Appeal to Queen in Council [see Note 12]...................................... 29
75.......... Original jurisdiction of High Court................................................... 29
76.......... Additional original jurisdiction......................................................... 30
77.......... Power to define jurisdiction.............................................................. 30
78.......... Proceedings against Commonwealth or State................................... 30
79.......... Number of judges.............................................................................. 30
80.......... Trial by jury..................................................................................... 30
Chapter IV—Finance and Trade 32
81.......... Consolidated Revenue Fund............................................................. 32
82.......... Expenditure charged thereon............................................................. 32
83.......... Money to be appropriated by law................................................... 32
84.......... Transfer of officers........................................................................... 32
85.......... Transfer of property of State........................................................... 33
86.......... [Customs, excise, and bounties] [see Note 13]................................. 34
87.......... [Revenue from customs and excise duties] [see Note 13]................ 34
88.......... Uniform duties of customs............................................................... 34
89.......... Payment to States before uniform duties......................................... 34
90.......... Exclusive power over customs, excise, and bounties........................ 35
91.......... Exceptions as to bounties................................................................. 35
92.......... Trade within the Commonwealth to be free..................................... 35
93.......... Payment to States for five years after uniform tariffs...................... 36
94.......... Distribution of surplus..................................................................... 36
95.......... Customs duties of Western Australia............................................... 36
96.......... Financial assistance to States............................................................ 37
97.......... Audit................................................................................................. 37
98.......... Trade and commerce includes navigation and State railways........... 37
99.......... Commonwealth not to give preference............................................. 37
100........ Nor abridge right to use water.......................................................... 38
101........ Inter‑State Commission.................................................................... 38
102........ Parliament may forbid preferences by State..................................... 38
103........ Commissioners’ appointment, tenure, and remuneration................. 38
104........ Saving of certain rates....................................................................... 39
105........ Taking over public debts of States................................................... 39
105A..... Agreements with respect to State debts........................................... 39
Chapter V—The States 41
106........ Saving of Constitutions.................................................................... 41
107........ Saving of Power of State Parliaments............................................... 41
108........ Saving of State laws.......................................................................... 41
109........ Inconsistency of laws....................................................................... 41
110........ Provisions referring to Governor...................................................... 41
111........ States may surrender territory.......................................................... 41
112........ States may levy charges for inspection laws.................................... 41
113........ Intoxicating liquids............................................................................ 41
114........ States may not raise forces. Taxation of property of Commonwealth or State 41
115........ States not to coin money.................................................................. 41
116........ Commonwealth not to legislate in respect of religion....................... 41
117........ Rights of residents in States............................................................. 41
118........ Recognition of laws etc. of States..................................................... 41
119........ Protection of States from invasion and violence............................... 41
120........ Custody of offenders against laws of the Commonwealth............... 41
Chapter VI—New States 41
121........ New States may be admitted or established..................................... 41
122........ Government of territories................................................................. 41
123........ Alteration of limits of States............................................................ 41
124........ Formation of new States................................................................... 41
Chapter VII—Miscellaneous 41
125........ Seat of Government.......................................................................... 41
126........ Power to Her Majesty to authorise Governor‑General to appoint deputies [see Note 14] 41
Chapter VIII—Alteration of the Constitution 41
128........ Mode of altering the Constitution [see Note 1]............................... 41
Schedule 41
Notes 41
An Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia
[9th July 1900]
WHEREAS the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the Constitution hereby established:
And whereas it is expedient to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen:
Be it therefore enacted by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
1 Short title [see Note 1]
This Act may be cited as the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act.
2 Act to extend to the Queen’s successors
The provisions of this Act referring to the Queen shall extend to Her Majesty’s heirs and successors in the sovereignty of the United Kingdom.
3 Proclamation of Commonwealth [see Note 2]
It shall be lawful for the Queen, with the advice of the Privy Council, to declare by proclamation that, on and after a day therein appointed, not being later than one year after the passing of this Act, the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, and also, if Her Majesty is satisfied that the people of Western Australia have agreed thereto, of Western Australia, shall be united in a Federal Commonwealth under the name of the Commonwealth of Australia. But the Queen may, at any time after the proclamation, appoint a Governor‑General for the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth shall be established, and the Constitution of the Commonwealth shall take effect, on and after the day so appointed. But the Parliaments of the several colonies may at any time after the passing of this Act make any such laws, to come into operation on the day so appointed, as they might have made if the Constitution had taken effect at the passing of this Act.
5 Operation of the Constitution and laws [see Note 3]
This Act, and all laws made by the Parliament of the Commonwealth under the Constitution, shall be binding on the courts, judges, and people of every State and of every part of the Commonwealth, notwithstanding anything in the laws of any State; and the laws of the Commonwealth shall be in force on all British ships, the Queen’s ships of war excepted, whose first port of clearance and whose port of destination are in the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth shall mean the Commonwealth of Australia as established under this Act.
The States shall mean such of the colonies of New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and South Australia, including the northern territory of South Australia, as for the time being are parts of the Commonwealth, and such colonies or territories as may be admitted into or established by the Commonwealth as States; and each of such parts of the Commonwealth shall be called a State.
Original States shall mean such States as are parts of the Commonwealth at its establishment.
7 Repeal of Federal Council Act [see Note 4]
The Federal Council of Australasia Act, 1885, is hereby repealed, but so as not to affect any laws passed by the Federal Council of Australasia and in force at the establishment of the Commonwealth.
Any such law may be repealed as to any State by the Parliament of the Commonwealth, or as to any colony not being a State by the Parliament thereof.
8 Application of Colonial Boundaries Act
After the passing of this Act the Colonial Boundaries Act, 1895, shall not apply to any colony which becomes a State of the Commonwealth; but the Commonwealth shall be taken to be a self‑governing colony for the purposes of that Act.
9 Constitution [see Note 1]
The Constitution of the Commonwealth shall be as follows:
|
The Constitution |
||
|
This Constitution is divided as follows: |
||
|
Chapter |
I—The Parliament |
|
|
Part |
I—General |
|
|
Part |
II—The Senate |
|
|
Part |
III—The House of Representatives |
|
|
Part |
IV—Both Houses of the Parliament |
|
|
Part |
V—Powers of the Parliament |
|
|
Chapter |
II—The Executive Government |
|
|
Chapter |
III—The Judicature |
|
|
Chapter |
IV—Finance and Trade |
|
|
Chapter |
V—The States |
|
|
Chapter |
VI—New States |
|
|
Chapter |
VII—Miscellaneous |
|
|
Chapter |
VIII—Alteration of the Constitution |
|
|
|
The Schedule |
|
|
|
||
The legislative power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a Federal Parliament, which shall consist of the Queen, a Senate, and a House of Representatives, and which is hereinafter called The Parliament, or The Parliament of the Commonwealth.
A Governor‑General appointed by the Queen shall be Her Majesty’s representative in the Commonwealth, and shall have and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the Queen’s pleasure, but subject to this Constitution, such powers and functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign to him.
There shall be payable to the Queen out of the Consolidated Revenue fund of the Commonwealth, for the salary of the Governor‑General, an annual sum which, until the Parliament otherwise provides, shall be ten thousand pounds.
The salary of a Governor‑General shall not be altered during his continuance in office.
4 Provisions relating to Governor‑General
The provisions of this Constitution relating to the Governor‑General extend and apply to the Governor‑General for the time being, or such person as the Queen may appoint to administer the Government of the Commonwealth; but no such person shall be entitled to receive any salary from the Commonwealth in respect of any other office during his administration of the Government of the Commonwealth.
5 Sessions of Parliament. Prorogation and dissolution
The Governor‑General may appoint such times for holding the sessions of the Parliament as he thinks fit, and may also from time to time, by Proclamation or otherwise, prorogue the Parliament, and may in like manner dissolve the House of Representatives.
Summoning Parliament
After any general election the Parliament shall be summoned to meet not later than thirty days after the day appointed for the return of the writs.
First session
The Parliament shall be summoned to meet not later than six months after the establishment of the Commonwealth.
6 Yearly session of Parliament
There shall be a session of the Parliament once at least in every year, so that twelve months shall not intervene between the last sitting of the Parliament in one session and its first sitting in the next session.
7 The Senate [see Note 5]
The Senate shall be composed of senators for each State, directly chosen by the people of the State, voting, until the Parliament otherwise provides, as one electorate.
But until the Parliament of the Commonwealth otherwise provides, the Parliament of the State of Queensland, if that State be an Original State, may make laws dividing the State into divisions and determining the number of senators to be chosen for each division, and in the absence of such provision the State shall be one electorate.
Until the Parliament otherwise provides there shall be six senators for each Original State. The Parliament may make laws increasing or diminishing the number of senators for each State, but so that equal representation of the several Original States shall be maintained and that no Original State shall have less than six senators.
The senators shall be chosen for a term of six years, and the names of the senators chosen for each State shall be certified by the Governor to the Governor‑General.
The qualification of electors of senators shall be in each State that which is prescribed by this Constitution, or by the Parliament, as the qualification for electors of members of the House of Representatives; but in the choosing of senators each elector shall vote only once.
9 Method of election of senators [see Note 6]
The Parliament of the Commonwealth may make laws prescribing the method of choosing senators, but so that the method shall be uniform for all the States. Subject to any such law, the Parliament of each State may make laws prescribing the method of choosing the senators for that State.
Times and places [see Note 6]
The Parliament of a State may make laws for determining the times and places of elections of senators for the State.
Until the Parliament otherwise provides, but subject to this Constitution, the laws in force in each State, for the time being, relating to elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of the State shall, as nearly as practicable, apply to elections of senators for the State.
The Senate may proceed to the despatch of business, notwithstanding the failure of any State to provide for its representation in the Senate.
The Governor of any State may cause writs to be issued for elections of senators for the State. In case of the dissolution of the Senate the writs shall be issued within ten days from the proclamation of such dissolution.
As soon as may be after the Senate first
meets, and after each first meeting of the Senate following a dissolution
thereof, the Senate shall divide the senators chosen for each State into two
classes, as nearly equal in number as practicable; and the places of the
senators of the first class shall become vacant at the expiration of the
third year three years, and the places of those of the second class
at the expiration of the sixth year six years, from the beginning
of their term of service; and afterwards the places of senators shall become
vacant at the expiration of six years from the beginning of their term of
service.
The election to fill vacant places shall
be made in the year at the expiration of which within one year before
the places are to become vacant.
For the purposes of this section the
term of service of a senator shall be taken to begin on the first day of January
July following the day of his election, except in the cases of the first
election and of the election next after any dissolution of the Senate, when it
shall be taken to begin on the first day of January July
preceding the day of his election.
14 Further provision for rotation [see Note 7]
Whenever the number of senators for a State is increased or diminished, the Parliament of the Commonwealth may make such provision for the vacating of the places of senators for the State as it deems necessary to maintain regularity in the rotation.
15 Casual vacancies
If the place of a senator becomes
vacant before the expiration of his term of service, the House of Parliament of
the State for which he was chosen shall, sitting and voting together, choose a
person to hold the place until the expiration of the term, or until the
election of a successor as hereinafter provided, whichever first happens. But
if the Houses of Parliament of the State are not in session at the time when
the vacancy is notified, the Governor of the State, with the advice of the
Executive Council thereof, may appoint a person to hold the place until the expiration
of fourteen days after the beginning of the next session of the Parliament of
the State, or until the election of a successor, whichever first happens.
At the next general election of
members of the House of Representatives, or at the next election of senators
for the State, whichever first happens, a successor shall, if the term has not
then expired, be chosen to hold the place from the date of his election until
the expiration of the term.
The name of any senator so chosen or
appointed shall be certified by the Governor of the State to the Governor‑General.
15 Casual vacancies [see Note 8]
If the place of a senator becomes vacant before the expiration of his term of service, the Houses of Parliament of the State for which he was chosen, sitting and voting together, or, if there is only one House of that Parliament, that House, shall choose a person to hold the place until the expiration of the term. But if the Parliament of the State is not in session when the vacancy is notified, the Governor of the State, with the advice of the Executive Council thereof, may appoint a person to hold the place until the expiration of fourteen days from the beginning of the next session of the Parliament of the State or the expiration of the term, whichever first happens.
Where a vacancy has at any time occurred in the place of a senator chosen by the people of a State and, at the time when he was so chosen, he was publicly recognized by a particular political party as being an endorsed candidate of that party and publicly represented himself to be such a candidate, a person chosen or appointed under this section in consequence of that vacancy, or in consequence of that vacancy and a subsequent vacancy or vacancies, shall, unless there is no member of that party available to be chosen or appointed, be a member of that party.
Where:
(a) in accordance with the last preceding paragraph, a member of a particular political party is chosen or appointed to hold the place of a senator whose place had become vacant; and
(b) before taking his seat he ceases to be a member of that party (otherwise than by reason of the party having ceased to exist);
he shall be deemed not to have been so chosen or appointed and the vacancy shall be again notified in accordance with section twenty‑one of this Constitution.
The name of any senator chosen or appointed under this section shall be certified by the Governor of the State to the Governor‑General.
If the place of a senator chosen by the people of the State at the election of senators last held before the commencement of the Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies) 1977 became vacant before that commencement and, at that commencement, no person chosen by the House or Houses of Parliament of the State, or appointed by the Governor of the State, in consequence of that vacancy, or in consequence of that vacancy and a subsequent vacancy or vacancies, held office, this section applies as if the place of the senator chosen by the people of the State had become vacant after that commencement.
A senator holding office at the commencement of the Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies) 1977, being a senator appointed by the Governor of a State in consequence of a vacancy that had at any time occurred in the place of a senator chosen by the people of the State, shall be deemed to have been appointed to hold the place until the expiration of fourteen days after the beginning of the next session of the Parliament of the State that commenced or commences after he was appointed and further action under this section shall be taken as if the vacancy in the place of the senator chosen by the people of the State had occurred after that commencement.
Subject to the next succeeding paragraph, a senator holding office at the commencement of the Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies) 1977 who was chosen by the House or Houses of Parliament of a State in consequence of a vacancy that had at any time occurred in the place of a senator chosen by the people of the State shall be deemed to have been chosen to hold office until the expiration of the term of service of the senator elected by the people of the State.
If, at or before the commencement of the Constitution Alteration (Senate Casual Vacancies) 1977, a law to alter the Constitution entitled “Constitution Alteration (Simultaneous Elections) 1977” came into operation, a senator holding office at the commencement of that law who was chosen by the House or Houses of Parliament of a State in consequence of a vacancy that had at any time occurred in the place of a senator chosen by the people of the State shall be deemed to have been chosen to hold office:
(a) if the senator elected by the people of the State had a term of service expiring on the thirtieth day of June, One thousand nine hundred and seventy‑eight—until the expiration or dissolution of the first House of Representatives to expire or be dissolved after that law came into operation; or
(b) if the senator elected by the people of the State had a term of service expiring on the thirtieth day of June, One thousand nine hundred and eighty‑one—until the expiration or dissolution of the second House of Representatives to expire or be dissolved after that law came into operation or, if there is an earlier dissolution of the Senate, until that dissolution.
The qualifications of a senator shall be the same as those of a member of the House of Representatives.
The Senate shall, before proceeding to the despatch of any other business, choose a senator to be the President of the Senate; and as often as the office of President becomes vacant the Senate shall again choose a senator to be the President.
The President shall cease to hold his office if he ceases to be a senator. He may be removed from office by a vote of the Senate, or he may resign his office or his seat by writing addressed to the Governor‑General.
Before or during any absence of the President, the Senate may choose a senator to perform his duties in his absence.
A senator may, by writing addressed to the President, or to the Governor‑General if there is no President or if the President is absent from the Commonwealth, resign his place, which thereupon shall become vacant.
The place of a senator shall become vacant if for two consecutive months of any session of the Parliament he, without the permission of the Senate, fails to attend the Senate.
Whenever a vacancy happens in the Senate, the President, or if there is no President or if the President is absent from the Commonwealth the Governor‑General, shall notify the same to the Governor of the State in the representation of which the vacancy has happened.
Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the presence of at least one‑third of the whole number of the senators shall be necessary to constitute a meeting of the Senate for the exercise of its powers.
Questions arising in the Senate shall be determined by a majority of votes, and each senator shall have one vote. The President shall in all cases be entitled to a vote; and when the votes are equal the question shall pass in the negative.
Part III—The House of Representatives
24 Constitution of House of Representatives
The House of Representatives shall be composed of members directly chosen by the people of the Commonwealth, and the number of such members shall be, as nearly as practicable, twice the number of the senators.
The number of members chosen in the several States shall be in proportion to the respective numbers of their people, and shall, until the Parliament otherwise provides, be determined, whenever necessary, in the following manner:
(i) a quota shall be ascertained by dividing the number of the people of the Commonwealth, as shown by the latest statistics of the Commonwealth, by twice the number of the senators;
(ii) the number of members to be chosen in each State shall be determined by dividing the number of the people of the State, as shown by the latest statistics of the Commonwealth, by the quota; and if on such division there is a remainder greater than one‑half of the quota, one more member shall be chosen in the State.
But notwithstanding anything in this section, five members at least shall be chosen in each Original State.
25 Provision as to races disqualified from voting
For the purposes of the last section, if by the law of any State all persons of any race are disqualified from voting at elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of the State, then, in reckoning the number of the people of the State or of the Commonwealth, persons of that race resident in that State shall not be counted.
26 Representatives in first Parliament
Notwithstanding anything in section twenty‑four, the number of members to be chosen in each State at the first election shall be as follows:
|
New South Wales....................................... |
twenty‑three; |
|
Victoria...................................................... |
twenty; |
|
Queensland................................................. |
eight; |
|
South Australia........................................... |
six; |
|
Tasmania.................................................... |
five; |
Provided that if Western Australia is an Original State, the numbers shall be as follows:
|
New South Wales....................................... |
twenty‑six; |
|
Victoria...................................................... |
twenty‑three; |
|
Queensland................................................. |
nine; |
|
South Australia........................................... |
seven; |
|
Western Australia....................................... |
five; |
|
Tasmania.................................................... |
five. |
27 Alteration of number of members
Subject to this Constitution, the Parliament may make laws for increasing or diminishing the number of the members of the House of Representatives.
28 Duration of House of Representatives
Every House of Representatives shall continue for three years from the first meeting of the House, and no longer, but may be sooner dissolved by the Governor‑General.
29 Electoral divisions [see Note 9]
Until the Parliament of the Commonwealth otherwise provides, the Parliament of any State may make laws for determining the divisions in each State for which members of the House of Representatives may be chosen, and the number of members to be chosen for each division. A division shall not be formed out of parts of different States.
In the absence of other provision, each State shall be one electorate.
Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the qualification of electors of members of the House of Representatives shall be in each State that which is prescribed by the law of the State as the qualification of electors of the more numerous House of Parliament of the State; but in the choosing of members each elector shall vote only once.
Until the Parliament otherwise provides, but subject to this Constitution, the laws in force in each State for the time being relating to elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of the State shall, as nearly as practicable, apply to elections in the State of members of the House of Representatives.
The Governor‑General in Council may cause writs to be issued for general elections of members of the House of Representatives.
After the first general election, the writs shall be issued within ten days from the expiry of a House of Representatives or from the proclamation of a dissolution thereof.
Whenever a vacancy happens in the House of Representatives, the Speaker shall issue his writ for the election of a new member, or if there is no Speaker or if he is absent from the Commonwealth the Governor‑General in Council may issue the writ.
Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the qualifications of a member of the House of Representatives shall be as follows:
(i) he must be of the full age of twenty‑one years, and must be an elector entitled to vote at the election of members of the House of Representatives, or a person qualified to become such elector, and must have been for three years at the least a resident within the limits of the Commonwealth as existing at the time when he is chosen;
(ii) he must be a subject of the Queen, either natural‑born or for at least five years naturalized under a law of the United Kingdom, or of a Colony which has become or becomes a State, or of the Commonwealth, or of a State.
The House of Representatives shall, before proceeding to the despatch of any other business, choose a member to be the Speaker of the House, and as often as the office of Speaker becomes vacant the House shall again choose a member to be the Speaker.
The Speaker shall cease to hold his office if he ceases to be a member. He may be removed from office by a vote of the House, or he may resign his office or his seat by writing addressed to the Governor‑General.
Before or during any absence of the Speaker, the House of Representatives may choose a member to perform his duties in his absence.
A member may by writing addressed to the Speaker, or to the Governor‑General if there is no Speaker or if the Speaker is absent from the Commonwealth, resign his place, which thereupon shall become vacant.